Good topic! I usually don’t blame communication technology for creating a distraction. Rather, I blame the disengaging boring atmosphere and environment that is already present in the class. My understanding is that engagement itself is an outcome of the interplay of several factors, e.g., course content, teaching method, teacher’s competency, class size, etc. If these factors are strong enough to make the class an interesting one (proper class size, effective teacher, etc.), chances are high that every student is engaged even when he/she possesses a device. Sometimes the most boring content could be delivered with such passion and expertise that grab everyone’s attention. This physics class (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FfKaIgArJ8) is an example. Before we blame technology, we may need to ask questions such as “what percentage of professors deliver their course content with passion and competency?”, “what percentage deliver their course content in the most boring traditional ways?”, ‘How many professors bother themselves to make their classes interesting like that physics professor did?” etc. If the students’ perception is that a professor is simply repeating or reading from a set of slides in the most boring way, they feel they do not need it. Therefore, they become disinterested and disengaged because they do not find a value in listening regardless of having immediate access to a device or not. On the other hand, there are many educational applications (e.g., Kahoot) that are quite engaging especially for freshman students. In short, my opinion is that if the professor sets proper strategies to deal with technology in advance and spends enough energy to make the class interesting, communication devices could work as supplementary tools to make the classroom experience more fruitful.